Summary:
Little is
known about the factors influencing the distribution of PCBs within Glaucous Gull
populations in the Norwegian Arctic, and the ecological effects PCBs may have. This
project is aimed at studying such aspects of the interaction between PCBs and population
ecology based on data collected at Bjørnøya in 1997 and 1998. We will focus on how the
diet contribute to the variation in individual levels of contaminants and how PCBs may
influence reproductive behaviour, which is important for reproductive success. The project
is an extension of an existing project that study the effects PCBs may have on the
breeding population of Glaucous Gull at southern Bjørnøya.
Aims:
- To examine the ecological basis for the within population variation in PCB loads, by
relating the PCB levels to diet specialisation in sub-colonies of Glaucous Gull.
- To investigate if current levels of PCB in Norwegian Arctic affect behavioural traits
important for reproduction in the Glaucous Gull population at Bjørnøya.
Scientific background
A major challenge of ecotoxicology is to predict effects of persistent organic
pollutants (POPs) at the population and ecosystem levels from data on the individual level
(Moriarty 1988). Unless such ecologically relevant effects can be detected after long-term
exposure to contaminants, their hazard for populations and ecosystems may be negligible.
In other words, at what level of contamination do ecological effects become apparent.
Moreover, a major gap in our understanding of POPs is the factors determining their
distribution. For example is extreme inter individual variation in levels a general
feature of PCB contamination in seabirds in the Norwegian Arctic (Gabrielsen et. al 1995,
Savinova et al. 1995, Borgå 1997, NINA/NP unpublished data).
Knowledge about effects and distribution of contaminants is critical to our
understanding of long term effects of organochlorines (OCs) in the Arctic and important
for the development of management policies and useful biomarkers (Peakall 1992, Gestel
& Brummelen 1996).
Ongoing ecological research on Glaucous Gull
In the early 1970thies (Bourne & Bogan 1972) and the late 1980thies
(Gabrielsen et al. 1995) Glaucous Gulls with high levels of PCB were found dead or dying
at Bjørnøya. Despite these alarming findings the ecological implications have not been
studied. In 1997 we started a project examining the influence of PCBs on reproduction and
survival. In the project, PCB levels are measured in blood, which enable us to determine
the relative difference between individuals, and year to year variation in PCB body
burdens in the same individuals for several years. In 1997, 113 individuals were sampled
once, and 25 twice. Our application to the Effect Program is in close connection to our
existing project, and the data on PCB levels will be used in both
projects.
Variation in PCB levels and diet
Effects of most POPs are related to level (dose-response) and individuals carrying
high levels are more likely to suffer detrimental effects (Moriarty 1988), but the
variation between individuals in populations may be extremely high (see Hoffman et al.
1996 for a review). It is thus important to know what ecological factors that influence
the uptake and accumulation of PCBs in individuals. Such information may enable us to
estimate the proportion of populations that are exposed to high risks.
Levels of organochlorines in birds and other animals seems closely linked to the food
(e.g. Dewailly et al. 1992, Ankley et al. 1993, Murk et al 1996, Herbert et al. 1997).
Species feeding on low trophic levels are less contaminated than those feeding on higher
levels (e.g. Savinova et al. 1995, Mazak et al. 1997, Zimmerman et al. 1997). However, the
variation within populations is poorly understood, and there are great differences in the
levels of PCBs among individual Glaucous Gulls (Gabrielsen et al. 1995, Savinova et al.
1995, Borgå 1997, NINA/NP unpublished data). Diet specialisation has been suggested as an
explanatory factor (Sagerup 1998). The diet of breeding Glaucous Gulls may consist of
various prey types, such as seabird eggs, kittiwakes and fish (NINA/NP unpublished data).
Recent studies have shown that seabird eggs have about 10 times higher PCB content than
Barents Sea fish (500 vs. 50 ppb) (Gabrielsen et al. 1995, Borgå 1997).
Here we test the hypothesis that variation in PCB levels are linked to diet in the
breeding season, by comparing the diet composition and mean PCB levels in sub-colonies of
Glaucous Gull.
Methods and some preliminary results
Data collection.- The collection of field data was carried out on Bjørnøya
in 1997 and 1998. The gulls regurgitate indigestible parts of the food such as bones and
egg shell, and these can be collected easily at the nests, and frequencies of different
diets can thus be compared between well separated sub-populations. During the incubation
period, each of four sub-colonies were visited four times from early to late incubation,
and the meals in regurgitated pellets were identified. The pellets were removed from the
colony at each survey.
Analyses.- The frequencies of different prey items will be compared
statistically, and related to the differences in the mean level of PCB in different
sub-colonies.
Preliminary results. We have found large differences in the levels of
organochlorines between sub-colonies. This shows that the variation is not random, but
follow a pattern. Further analyses show that those colonies with high levels of PCB are
haveing a higher frequency of seabird eggs in their diets than colonies with lower PCB
levels, the latter eating more fish and kittiwake. Thus, there are strong indications that
variation in PCB levels can be linked to diet composition.
Reproductive behaviour
Impaired reproductive behaviour will have an immediate effect on reproductive
output, especially in gulls where predation on eggs and chicks is very high. Under field
conditions, changes in parental behaviour in individuals with high levels of contaminants
have been found. Such changes may be poor motivation for incubation, poor nest defence and
long chick feeding intervals (Fox et al. 1978, Peakall 1992, Bosveld & van den Berg
1994).
The Glaucous Gull breeds in dense colonies. Both parents incubate the eggs and
incubation shifts occur at varying intervals. Unattended eggs are always eaten by
"hungry" neighbours. If one parent fails to synchronise its behaviour with its
mate, it may force the mate to leave the nest unattended to feed. In addition, parents
being present at the nest while not incubating have an important contribution in helping
to protect the nest from predators.
We will focus on parental behaviour and colony attendance in relation to individual
level of PCBs and try to establish if, and at what levels PCBs start to influence parental
behaviour. We focus on two behaviours: 1) Amount of time invested in incubation by each
parents; 2) amount of time attending the colony while not incubating. Birds adjust their
investment according to future benefits from the current brood, but this is also
correlated to the past investment in the brood. Under "natural condition" a
pattern of increasing incubation effort from the male, which incubate less than the
females (NINA/NP unpublished data), and increased colony attendance from both parents
would thus be expected (Sargant & Gross 1984, Curio 1987, Coleman & Gross 1991).
Deviance from this pattern concordant with individual level of PCBs suggests that the
contaminant influences reproductive behaviour. We will relate these behavioural
measurements to individual levels of PCBs. Relating reproductive behaviour in individuals
to their levels of PCB have never been done before in seabirds.
Methods
Data collection. - The field study was conducted in 1998. 25 breeding males
and 30 females, marked with letter coded leg bands, and with known status of
organochlorines in 1997 were selected for observations. Each nest was observed for 48
hours and the incubating bird was identified each hour. At the same time, it was noted
whether the marked birds were attending the colony.
Analyses. - These data represent the first study of Glaucous Gull incubation
pattern, and describing this behaviour will necessarily be an important part of the
analytic process.
Statistical methods such as logistic regression on incubation frequencies will be
applied to the data. By using various ecological covariates we will be able to test if
PCBs influence the investment pattern of parents.
Relationship to other Glaucous Gull projects in the Effects Program
The other Glaucous Gull projects in the Effects Program have not been started and
data collection is central. They deal with biochemical, genetic, and physiological effects
of OCs, and how these measurments can be used as biomarkers. This project has an
ecological approach, and the data collection is completed. Therefore it cannot be
incorporated directly in the other projects. However, its approach is a natural extension
of the other projects since it will reveal if the biochemical, physiological or
immunological effects of PCBs, if any, translate into ecological effects in wild
populations.
Since our main project still runs in 1999, the logistics on Bjørnøya will be
available for collection of data for the other projects.
Project budget
This project is an extension of the existing ecological project at Bjørnøya, and
in 1998 NINA spent 705 000 NOK on Glaucous Gull. NFR contribute with 350 000 NOK, while
the remaining money comes from NINAs "sentermidler". Of this 400 000 NOK
is spent on salaries. In addition NP has spend about 100 hours of research time in the
project.
Since the maximum budget has been set to 100 000,- we plan to use the all money for
working hours. We estimate that about 2.5 months (375 hours) are needed to analyse and
report (also publishing in scientific journals) the data that has been collected.
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